Word order — familiar ground

Basic Portuguese sentences follow the same subject – verb – object order as English:

  • Eu como pão. — I eat bread. (literally: I eat bread)
  • Ela fala português. — She speaks Portuguese.
  • Nós vivemos em Lisboa. — We live in Lisbon.

One big difference: the subject pronoun is often dropped because the verb ending already says who — Como pão. alone means "I eat bread". You'll see both styles in this course.

PortugueseWord-for-wordEnglish
Eu como pão.I eat breadI eat bread.
Como pão.eat bread (subject dropped)I eat bread.
Ela fala português.she speaks PortugueseShe speaks Portuguese.
Nós vivemos em Lisboa.we live in LisbonWe live in Lisbon.

ser vs estar — two verbs for 'to be'

Portuguese has two verbs where English has one:

  • ser — for things that are permanent, identity, origin, time, characteristics: Sou português. (I am Portuguese.) · São duas horas. (It's two o'clock.)
  • estar — for temporary states and locations: Estou cansado. (I am tired.) · O café está aqui. (The coffee is here.)

Beginner shortcut: ser = what something IS; estar = how/where something is right now. The present tense article conjugates both.

VerbUseExampleEnglish
seridentity, origin, permanent traits, timeSou estudante.I am a student.
sertime and datesSão duas horas.It's two o'clock.
estartemporary statesEstou cansado.I am tired.
estarlocationEstá em Lisboa.It is in Lisbon.

por vs para — the beginner version

Both can translate "for", which confuses everyone at first. The beginner-safe split:

  • para — purpose, destination, recipient, deadline: Um bilhete para Lisboa. (a ticket to Lisbon) · Isto é para si. (this is for you) · para amanhã (for tomorrow)
  • por — cause, exchange, duration, means, through: por favor (please — literally 'for favour') · dez euros por pessoa (ten euros per person) · por duas horas (for two hours)
PortugueseEnglishWhy
Um bilhete para Lisboa.A ticket to Lisbon.para = destination
Isto é para si.This is for you.para = recipient
dez euros por pessoaten euros per personpor = per/exchange
por favorpleasefixed expression
Obrigado por tudo.Thanks for everything.por = cause

Nouns and plurals

Most plurals are easy: add -s (casa → casas), or -es after consonant endings (mulher → mulheres, luz → luzes, português → portugueses). A few common patterns:

  • Words ending in -ão can take -ões, -ães, or just -s: pão → pães, limão → limões, mão → mãos. Learn them with the word.
  • Words ending in -l usually drop the l and add -is: hotel → hotéis, papel → papéis.
  • Every noun is masculine or feminine — the articles & gender article is dedicated to this.

Five patterns you'll use constantly

Queria um café, por favor.

I'd like a coffee, please.

Queria (polite 'I wanted') is the soft, everyday way to order.

Onde fica a estação?

Where is the station?

Quanto custa?

How much does it cost?

Não percebo.

I don't understand.

Pode repetir?

Can you repeat?

Mini practice

Q1. 'Estou cansado' uses estar because…
  • tiredness is a temporary state
  • cansado is masculine
  • estar is more polite

Answer: tiredness is a temporary state

Q2. 'Um bilhete para Lisboa' — para is used for…
  • cause
  • destination
  • duration

Answer: destination

Q3. Which is the natural way to ask a location?
  • Onde vai a estação?
  • Onde fica a estação?
  • Onde tem a estação?

Answer: Onde fica a estação?

Q4. In 'Como pão', what happened to 'I'?
  • it's implied by the verb ending
  • it's ungrammatical
  • como means 'I'

Answer: it's implied by the verb ending

Q5. hotel plural is…
  • hotels
  • hotéis
  • hotéles

Answer: hotéis