Why people say Georgian verbs are hard — and what to do about it

A Georgian verb can encode subject person, object person, tense, aspect, and mood in one word — ვჭამ means 'I eat'; მივეცი means 'I gave it to him/her' in context. A screeve is a set of person/number forms sharing a particular tense-aspect-mood pattern. You don't need to produce that system now. What you DO need:

  • The var 'to be' forms — used constantly
  • Fixed daily phrases: minda 'I want', makvs 'I have', mesmis 'I understand', aris 'it is'
  • How verbs carry person markers, so the sounds stop being a mystery

The var 'to be' system — memorize this table

PersonGeorgianExample
I amვარ (var)ტურისტი ვარ — I am a tourist
you areხარ (khar)სტუმარი ხარ? — Are you a guest?
he/she/it isარის (aris)ეს ხინკალია — this is khinkali
we areვართ (vart)სტუმრები ვართ — we are guests
you (pl/polite) areხართ (khart)ინგლისელი ხართ? — Are you English?
they areარიან (arian)სტუმრები არიან — they are guests

The 3rd person singular aris often FUSES with the preceding noun: ხინკალი + არის → ხინკალია 'it is khinkali'. You'll see -ა on the end constantly.

Person markers — how 'I' hides inside the verb

Georgian verbs carry the person inside them: a ვ- (v-) prefix usually means the subject is I/we, and a -ს (-s) ending often marks he/she/it. That's why you rarely hear მე 'I' — ვჭამ (vch'am) already says 'I eat'.

ვჭამ

Pronunciation vch'am

I eat

ჭამს

Pronunciation ch'ams

he/she eats

ვწერ

Pronunciation vts'er

I write

მიდის

Pronunciation midis

he/she/it goes

The polite singular თქვენ takes plural verb forms — compare იცი itsi 'you know' (informal) with იცით itsit 'you know' (polite/plural). -თ (-t) is a plural/agreement ending in these examples; თქვენ itself is a pronoun, not a suffix. The polite form is the longer one — an easy rule of thumb.

minda / makvs — the reversed pattern

Some everyday verbs run backwards from English logic. In მინდა (minda), 'I want' is literally 'is-wanted-to-me'; in მაქვს (makvs), 'I have' is literally 'is-to-me'. The thing wanted is the grammatical subject; the wanter is the -ს case receiver.

GeorgianLit. structureMeaning
წყალი მინდაwater wanted-to-meI want water
პური მაქვსbread to-meI have bread
ღვინო მინდაwine wanted-to-meI want wine
ჯავშანი მაქვსreservation to-meI have a reservation

Just memorize them as fixed units — don't try to parse them yet. წყალი მინდა will get you water; ჯავშანი მაქვს will get you checked in.

15 verbs you'll actually use

Georgian (1st sg)TranslitEnglish
ვარvarI am
მინდაmindaI want
მაქვსmakvsI have
მესმისmesmisI understand
ვიციvitsiI know
ვჭამvch'amI eat
ვსვამvsvamI drink
მივდივარmivdivarI go · I am going
მოვდივარmovdivarI come · I am coming
ვმუშაობvmushaobI work
ვცხოვრობvtskhovrobI live · reside
ვგრძნობvgrdznobI feel
ვსაუბრობvsaubrobI speak · talk
ვხედავvkhedavI see
ვყიდულობvq'idulobI buy

Summary

  • Georgian verbs agree with person INSIDE the word — v- often means 'I/we'
  • var system: var · khar · aris · vart · khart · arian — memorize it
  • aris fuses onto nouns: ხინკალია 'it is khinkali'
  • minda/makvs run reversed: the thing wanted is the subject
  • 15 beginner verbs cover most daily needs; full paradigms are a later skill
  • Next: negation & question words

Mini practice

Q1. 'I am' in Georgian is…
  • ხარ
  • არის
  • ვარ
  • მინდა

Answer: ვარ

Q2. ხინკალია (khink'alia) comes from…
  • ხინკალი + ვარ
  • ხინკალი + არის
  • ხინკალი + მინდა
  • ხინკალი + ქვს

Answer: ხინკალი + არის

Q3. A ვ- prefix on a verb usually means…
  • you
  • he
  • I/we
  • they

Answer: I/we

Q4. მინდა (minda) literally means…
  • I have
  • is-wanted-to-me
  • I am
  • I go

Answer: is-wanted-to-me

Q5. Polite 'you know' is…
  • იცი
  • იცით
  • ვიცი
  • იციან

Answer: იცით